The History of Port Blair: From Colonial Rule to Modern-Day Development

I. Introduction: Port Blair – A Jewel in the Bay of Bengal

Nestled in the azure expanse of the Bay of Bengal, approximately 1,200 kilometers southeast of the Indian mainland, lies Port Blair, the captivating capital city of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This vibrant city, the largest in the archipelago, serves as the primary gateway to these emerald islands, holding within its embrace a profound historical legacy and breathtaking natural beauty. Port Blair’s story is a remarkable journey through time, from its ancient past as home to indigenous tribes, through the harsh realities of British colonial rule and its pivotal role as a penal settlement during India’s freedom struggle, to enduring the tumult of Japanese occupation during World War II. Following India’s independence, it evolved into a significant administrative center and, more recently, a burgeoning hub for tourism and modern development.  

In a significant move in September 2024, the city was also given the name Sri Vijaya Puram, a decision reflecting a desire to shed colonial vestiges and connect with a deeper, pre-colonial Indian heritage and nationalist narratives. The name “Sri Vijaya Puram” is intended to evoke connections with the historical naval prowess of the Chola dynasty, particularly King Rajendra I’s expeditions in Southeast Asia, and to symbolize the “victory” achieved during India’s struggle for independence. This renaming is more than a symbolic gesture; it appears to be part of a broader vision to reframe the islands’ identity, emphasizing India’s ancient maritime legacy while signaling future strategic and economic aspirations for this uniquely positioned territory. As Port Blair, now also bearing the name Sri Vijaya Puram, continues to develop, it stands as a testament to resilience, a melting pot of cultures, and a place where history and modernity converge.  

Table 1: Key Historical Milestones of Port Blair (Sri Vijaya Puram)

II. Echoes from the Past: Indigenous Inhabitants and Early Encounters

Long before any colonial flags were planted on its shores, the Andaman Islands, including the region around present-day Port Blair, were the exclusive domain of indigenous tribal communities who have lived in harmony with the lush natural environment for millennia, possibly for as long as 26,000 years. These original inhabitants, broadly categorized as Andamanese, include distinct groups such as the Great Andamanese, the Jarawa, the Onge, and the famously isolated Sentinelese, each with their own unique languages, intricate knowledge of the forests and seas, and rich cultural traditions. They traditionally lived as hunter-gatherers, their lives intricately woven with the rhythms of nature, demonstrating a profound and sustainable connection to their island home.  

Initial encounters with outsiders were often marked by fierce resistance from these communities, who zealously guarded their ancestral territories. One notable instance of such resistance was the “Battle of Aberdeen,” fought on May 14, 1859. On this day, between 400 and 600 warriors of the Great Andamanese tribe, armed with bows and arrows, bravely confronted British soldiers equipped with modern weaponry, in an attempt to defend their land from encroachment. Though ultimately a military defeat for the Andamanese, this battle is remembered as a significant act of early resistance against colonial expansion. A statue now stands in Port Blair’s Marina Park, commemorating these valiant fighters and acknowledging this event as a spark of the first freedom movement in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.  

The sustained contact with the outside world, particularly from the 18th century onwards, proved devastating for most indigenous groups. They faced catastrophic population declines due to epidemics of diseases to which they had no immunity, such as influenza, and significant loss of their traditional territories due to colonial settlement and resource exploitation. For example, the Great Andamanese, once the largest tribe, saw their numbers dwindle dramatically. Despite these immense pressures, the resilience of these ancient communities is remarkable. Some groups, like the Jarawa and the Sentinelese, have continued to maintain a significant degree of isolation, fiercely protecting their way of life and unique cultural identity. Their continued existence offers a rare, living connection to a pre-colonial human past, but also presents complex ethical considerations for modern governance, balancing the need for their protection and autonomy with the pressures of development and external contact. The administration’s periodic “Contact Expeditions,” particularly with the Jarawa and Sentinelese, reflect this delicate and ongoing interaction.  

Table 2: Indigenous Tribes of the Andaman Islands (Focus on South Andaman)

III. The Chains of Colonialism: British Arrival and the Penal Settlement

The strategic allure of the Andaman Islands, situated advantageously in the Bay of Bengal, did not escape the notice of the burgeoning British Empire. In 1789, the British East India Company, seeking to establish a secure naval outpost and a strategic presence in the region, dispatched Lieutenant Archibald Blair to survey the islands. Following his favorable report, the first British settlement was established that same year at a natural harbor he identified. Initially named Port Cornwallis in honor of the then Governor-General of India, Lord Charles Cornwallis, the settlement was later renamed Port Blair after Lieutenant Blair himself.  

The British envisioned this outpost serving multiple purposes: a key naval base, an administrative hub, a point from which to control piracy, and a safe haven for shipwrecked sailors. An early attempt was also made to use the islands as a penal colony, a place to banish convicts from the Indian mainland. However, this initial penal settlement, plagued by rampant disease and the harsh, unfamiliar environment, proved unsustainable and was abandoned in 1796.  

For several decades, British interest in the Andamans waned. However, the political landscape of India underwent a seismic shift with the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The uprising resulted in a vast number of Indians being taken prisoner by the British, creating an urgent need for a remote and secure location to incarcerate them, particularly those deemed political agitators. The geographical isolation of the Andaman Islands, once a deterrent, now became its primary attraction for the colonial regime.  

Consequently, in 1858, the British formally re-established a penal settlement at Port Blair, choosing Chatham Harbour, the site of the original 1789 colony, as its nucleus. Captain H. Man raised the Union Jack on January 22, 1858, marking the official commencement of this new, more enduring phase of colonial occupation. This revival was driven by the imperial necessity to punish and isolate those who had challenged British authority. The islands’ remoteness was seen as an effective tool for severing prisoners from their homeland and social fabric, a punishment often considered worse than death itself.  

Alongside the development of the penal colony, the British also established their administrative nerve center. Ross Island, a small island strategically located at the mouth of Port Blair harbor, was developed as the administrative headquarters. This separation of administrative functions from the main penal areas reflected a common colonial strategy of creating secure enclaves for the ruling elite. The British approach to Port Blair thus evolved, shaped by pragmatic responses to imperial needs and crises, transforming the islands from a tentative strategic outpost into a formidable penal colony, a symbol of colonial power and control.  

IV. Kala Pani: The Cellular Jail and India’s Freedom Struggle

The most infamous and enduring symbol of British colonial oppression in the Andaman Islands is undoubtedly the Cellular Jail. As the Indian independence movement gained momentum towards the end of the 19th century, the British authorities felt the need for a high-security prison to incarcerate the growing number of freedom fighters and political prisoners. The construction of this formidable structure in Port Blair commenced in 1896 and was completed in 1906.  

The Cellular Jail, often referred to by Indian prisoners as “Kala Pani” (Black Waters), was an architectural marvel of penal design, though a terrifying one for its inmates. The term “Kala Pani” itself carried deep psychological weight, as crossing the seas (kala pani) was believed by many Hindus to result in a loss of caste, adding a layer of social and religious ostracism to the physical punishment. The jail was designed based on the “Separate System” and influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s “Panopticon” theory, featuring seven three-story wings radiating like the spokes of a wheel from a central watchtower. This design allowed a minimal number of guards to maintain constant surveillance over all 698 individual cells, ensuring that prisoners were kept in strict solitary confinement, unable to communicate or organize. Each cell measured a mere 4.5×2.7 meters, with a single small ventilator placed high up, designed to maximize isolation and psychological distress.  

Life within the Cellular Jail was a brutal ordeal. Prisoners endured not only the torment of solitary confinement but also grueling hard labor, such as operating oil mills (kolhu), often with impossible quotas. Meager food, unhygienic conditions, and rampant disease were commonplace. Torture, flogging on iron triangular frames, and the use of various fetters and shackles were frequently employed to break the spirit of the inmates. Many prominent freedom fighters, including Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Batukeshwar Dutt, Yogendra Shukla, and Barindra Kumar Ghosh, were imprisoned here, their names etched into the annals of India’s struggle for independence. Frequent executions also took place, sometimes in full view of the cells, as a grim warning.  

Despite the extreme oppression and the intent to crush nationalist sentiment, the Cellular Jail paradoxically became a crucible of resistance and a symbol of unwavering defiance. The shared suffering and the indomitable spirit of the prisoners fostered a sense of unity and heightened nationalist fervor. Inmates devised ingenious ways to communicate, educate each other, and continue their struggle for freedom even within the prison walls. The very existence of this remote and brutal penal institution served as a stark testament to the lengths the colonial regime would go to suppress dissent, thereby inadvertently highlighting the sacrifices made by those imprisoned and further fueling the independence movement on the mainland.  

Today, the Cellular Jail stands as a National Memorial, a solemn pilgrimage site that honors the memory of the countless freedom fighters who suffered and perished within its walls. Three of the original seven wings remain, bearing silent witness to a dark chapter in history. Visitors can walk through the eerie cells, visit the museum, art gallery, and photo gallery that depict the prisoners’ lives and the history of the freedom struggle. A poignant Son-et-Lumiere (Sound and Light Show) is held every evening, vividly narrating the saga of Kala Pani and the heroic struggle for India’s independence. This transformation from a “torture machine” to a revered national monument underscores the ultimate triumph of the fight for freedom over colonial repression.  

V. Ross Island: The Administrative Epicenter

During the height of British colonial rule in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Ross Island served as the prestigious administrative headquarters, the veritable seat of power from 1858 until a devastating earthquake in 1941 and the subsequent Japanese occupation. This tiny island, strategically positioned as a sentinel at the entrance to Port Blair harbor, was transformed into a self-contained European enclave, a stark contrast to the grim penal realities of the nearby mainland and the traditional lives of the indigenous islanders.  

Ross Island, often referred to as the “Paris of the East” during its heyday, was meticulously planned and developed to reflect British colonial grandeur and provide a comfortable lifestyle for its administrators. It boasted impressive colonial architecture, including the Chief Commissioner’s House, Government House, a beautiful Presbyterian church built of stone with teakwood frames and Italian stained glass, a grand ballroom, barracks for troops, a hospital, a bakery, a printing press, a secretariat, a water distillation plant, and even a tennis court and an open-air theatre. The island was a self-equipped township, showcasing a fusion of European aesthetics and colonial administrative efficiency. The decision to locate the administrative capital on this small, defensible island, separate from the main penal settlement, was a strategic one, ensuring a secure and controlled environment for the ruling British elite, a pattern observed in other colonial territories.  

Life on Ross Island for the British officials and their families was characterized by a structured administrative system and a distinct social hierarchy, far removed from the hardships endured by the prisoners in Port Blair. However, this colonial idyll was not to last. A major earthquake in 1941 caused significant damage to the structures on the island. Shortly thereafter, during World War II, Japanese forces occupied the Andaman Islands, and Ross Island was converted into a prisoner-of-war camp, with the Japanese building their own war installations, remnants of which, like bunkers and gun emplacements, can still be seen today.  

After the war, the British briefly reoccupied the island but eventually abandoned it as an administrative center. Today, Ross Island, officially renamed Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Island in 2018 in honor of the Indian nationalist leader, stands as a captivating tourist destination. Its dilapidated and overgrown ruins, including the once-grand colonial buildings now reclaimed by nature, offer a poignant glimpse into a bygone era and serve as a powerful visual metaphor for the rise and fall of empires. Visitors can explore these historic remnants, visit the Ross Island Museum housed in a restored British-era building, and observe the island’s resident deer and peacocks. The island, maintained by the Indian Navy, continues to draw those interested in its unique blend of history and natural beauty.  

VI. Tumultuous Times: World War II and Japanese Occupation

The strategic location of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands once again came to the fore during World War II. Seeking to secure their seaward flank in Southeast Asia, Japanese forces invaded and occupied the islands in March 1942. Port Blair itself was occupied on March 23, 1942, with the small British Indian garrison offering no resistance; they were disarmed and interned. British administrative officials were imprisoned, while the Japanese released the Indian prisoners held in the Cellular Jail, some of whom subsequently collaborated with the new occupiers.  

The Japanese administration in Port Blair marked a brutal chapter for the local population. Numerous atrocities were committed, including forced labor for projects like constructing a new airport, mass arrests, torture, and executions of suspected spies, often within the confines of the Cellular Jail. Local intellectuals who had initially hoped to mitigate suffering under the new regime also fell victim to Japanese brutality. It is estimated that around 2,000 Indians died as a result of Japanese actions during the occupation, and at least 501 were tortured, representing a significant portion of Port Blair’s pre-war population. This period replaced one colonial master with another, and for many islanders, it meant an intensification of hardship.  

A significant and complex episode during this period was the arrival of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, the charismatic Indian nationalist leader who had allied with the Axis powers to fight for India’s independence. On December 29, 1943, political control of the islands was nominally passed to Bose’s Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India). Bose visited Port Blair and hoisted the Indian National Army (INA) flag, proclaiming the islands, renamed “Shaheed” (Martyr) and “Swaraj” (Self-rule), as India’s first free territory.  

However, the INA’s actual control over the islands was severely limited, with the Japanese military retaining effective power and continuing their oppressive practices. General A. D. Loganathan was appointed Governor by Bose, but his authority was largely restricted to areas like education, while the Japanese controlled the police and other critical functions. Despite attempts to inform Netaji Bose of the ongoing suffering of the local population and the torture of Indian nationalists in the Cellular Jail, he was reportedly shielded from the full extent of the atrocities by the Japanese authorities. This has led to a nuanced historical memory of Bose’s association with the islands: a moment of profound symbolic importance for the Indian independence movement, yet viewed with some ambivalence by locals who continued to endure hardship under Japanese oversight.  

The Japanese occupation ended in August 1945, following the defeat of the Axis powers. Japanese forces in the Andamans surrendered to the British, and governance of the islands reverted to British control until India’s independence. The occupation left a lasting legacy of bitterness among the generation that experienced it, not only towards the Japanese but also, to some extent, towards their collaborators. This wartime period re-emphasized the enduring strategic importance of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a factor that continues to shape their destiny.  

VII. A New Dawn: Integration with Independent India and Early Development (1947-1970s)

With India’s attainment of independence on August 15, 1947, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands became an integral part of the newly formed nation. The administrative transition saw Port Blair designated as the headquarters of the islands’ governance, with Shri Imam-ul-Majid appointed as the first Chief Commissioner of independent Andaman in 1947. In 1956, the islands were formally constituted as a Union Territory of India, with Port Blair as its capital, a status that cemented its administrative importance.  

One of the most significant socio-economic undertakings in the post-independence era was the implementation of settlement schemes. These initiatives were driven by multiple objectives: the humanitarian need to rehabilitate refugees, particularly those displaced from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) following the partition of India, and the strategic and economic imperative to populate and develop the resources of these remote islands. The first batch of approximately 198 refugee families, mainly from Bengal, arrived in March 1949, followed by further waves of settlers throughout the 1950s and into 1961. These settlers, who also included people from Ranchi, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, were primarily agriculturists and small traders. The government offered incentives such as land allotments for cultivation and homesteads to encourage this migration, viewing the settlers as crucial labor for exploiting the islands’ fertile land, timber, and other natural wealth. This state-led “colonization” effort significantly altered the demographic landscape of the islands, creating a diverse “Mini India” but also, in many instances, further marginalizing the indigenous communities and encroaching upon their traditional lands and resources.  

The early decades after independence also saw foundational infrastructure development in Port Blair and surrounding areas, crucial for supporting the new administration and the growing settler population.

• Port Facilities: Connectivity with the mainland and between islands was paramount. Haddo Wharf in Port Blair became the primary terminal for passenger ships arriving from mainland Indian ports like Chennai, Kolkata, and Visakhapatnam. Phoenix Bay Jetty emerged as the key hub for inter-island ferry services, catering to both government and, later, private vessels. Chatham Island also possessed a significant harbor for mainland-island ship berthing.
  
• Road Network: To facilitate internal movement, the State Transport Service (STS) was established in March 1956, initially serving South Andaman and gradually expanding its network to connect villages with Port Blair and other major islands.
  
• Electricity: Power generation, though initially limited, saw improvements. After independence, two steam turbine generating sets, each with a capacity of 550KW (Alternating Current), were commissioned in 1951 on Chatham Island. This was a significant upgrade from the pre-existing limited DC supply that primarily served British bungalows and offices from a power house at Atlanta Point.
  
• Water Supply & Sanitation: The Port Blair Municipal Board was constituted on October 2, 1957. Its initial responsibilities included providing basic civic amenities such as street lighting, maintaining roads and drains, and crucially, water distribution. In the early days, with limited piped connections, water was often supplied by trucks to interior areas of the town. The Dilthaman tank was the sole source of drinking water for Port Blair before later developments. The Board also managed basic sanitation services like the cleaning of latrines and garbage removal with limited manpower and machinery.
  
• Education: The post-1947 period marked a more earnest focus on education. By the 1948-49 academic year, there were 20 educational institutions functioning in the islands, a significant step towards improving literacy and human resource development.
  
• Healthcare: Efforts were made to establish and improve healthcare facilities. GB Pant Hospital in Port Blair was developed as the main referral hospital for the entire Union Territory, catering to the medical needs of the islanders.  

These early developmental efforts, undertaken in a remote and geographically challenging archipelago, were foundational. They aimed to establish basic administrative control, provide essential services to the burgeoning population, and lay the groundwork for future economic and social progress, albeit often reflecting mainland India’s strategic and resource priorities.

VIII. The March of Modernity: Port Blair’s Transformation (Late 20th Century – Present)

The latter part of the 20th century and the dawn of the 21st have witnessed a significant transformation in Port Blair (Sri Vijaya Puram) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Driven by strategic considerations, economic aspirations, and the need to improve the quality of life for its residents, development has accelerated across various sectors.

A. Infrastructure Leap

A cornerstone of this modernization has been a substantial upgrade in infrastructure, particularly in connectivity.

• Veer Savarkar International Airport: The airport, renamed in 2002 to honor the freedom fighter Vinayak Damodar Savarkar who was imprisoned in the Cellular Jail, serves as the primary aerial gateway to the islands. Recognizing the growing passenger traffic and the importance of tourism, a new, state-of-the-art integrated terminal building was constructed. Inaugurated on July 18, 2023, this terminal is a significant upgrade from the older facility. Designed with a unique sea-shell-inspired roof, it spans 40,837 square meters and can handle up to 1,200 passengers during peak hours, with an annual capacity of 5 million passengers. Equipped with modern amenities like 28 check-in counters, four conveyor belts, and three aerobridges, the new terminal is designed to enhance passenger experience and operational efficiency. A landmark development was the commencement of international flights in November 2024, with Air Asia launching services from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This marked the culmination of a long wait since the airport received international status and is poised to significantly boost international tourism and connectivity for the islands. This massive investment in airport infrastructure signals a strategic intent to position the Andamans as a major international destination.
  
• Port Development: Port Blair’s maritime infrastructure remains vital. Haddo Wharf continues to serve as the primary berthing point for passenger ships arriving from mainland India. Phoenix Bay Jetty is crucial for inter-island ferry services, accommodating both government and private operators connecting Port Blair with other islands like Havelock (Swaraj Dweep) and Neil (Shaheed Dweep). The Chatham Saw Mill area also historically hosted a major wharf. Looking ahead, ambitious plans are underway, guided by bodies like NITI Aayog, which envision further expansion, including the development of a transshipment terminal, an international cruise terminal to create a “global port-led city,” and ship-building and repair facilities. These projects aim to leverage the islands’ strategic location for enhanced maritime trade and tourism.
  
• Road Networks: The internal road network has seen steady growth. The State Transport Service (STS) continues to be a backbone of public transport, complemented by private bus operators. Significant upgrades to key arteries like the Andaman Trunk Road (ATR), including the construction of the Middle Strait Bridge, have aimed to improve connectivity and reduce travel time between different parts of the islands.
  
• Communication Revolution: Perhaps the most transformative infrastructural development has been in telecommunications. Historically, the islands suffered from poor connectivity, relying on limited satellite bandwidth which was often slow and unreliable. This changed dramatically with the commissioning of the Chennai-Andaman & Nicobar Islands (CANI) submarine Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) project in August-September 2020. This 2,313 km long cable has revolutionized internet access, providing significantly higher bandwidth (initial satellite bandwidth augmented from 2Gbps to 4Gbps, with the OFC offering much greater capacity) and enabling the launch of reliable 4G mobile services by operators like BSNL, Reliance Jio, and Vodafone Idea. This high-speed connectivity is a critical enabler for the digital economy, supporting online education, telemedicine, e-governance, banking services, online trading, and boosting the tourism sector by meeting the connectivity demands of modern travelers. The OFC is thus a foundational layer for socio-economic development, bridging the digital divide caused by geographical isolation.  

B. Economic Pillars

While modern infrastructure lays the groundwork, Port Blair’s economy is driven by a mix of traditional and emerging sectors.

• Tourism: Tourism has unequivocally become a primary economic engine for Port Blair and the entire archipelago. The islands’ unique combination of historical landmarks like the Cellular Jail and Ross Island, pristine beaches such as Corbyn’s Cove, vibrant marine life ideal for snorkeling and scuba diving, and lush natural landscapes draws hundreds of thousands of visitors annually. In 2024, tourist arrivals reached approximately 721,000, with an expected economic benefit of around ₹18,449.75 crore. Recognizing the ecological sensitivity of the islands, there is a growing emphasis on sustainable and eco-tourism practices. Government policies and initiatives by bodies like NITI Aayog focus on responsible tourism, including conducting carrying capacity assessments for popular islands, promoting eco-friendly infrastructure using local materials, and developing lesser-known spots to distribute tourist load.
  
• Beyond Tourism: While tourism takes center stage, other sectors contribute significantly to the local economy:
  
  • Fisheries: Given the extensive coastline and rich marine biodiversity, fisheries remain a vital traditional and modern occupation. Efforts are being made to develop fish culture, improve processing facilities, establish cold storage chains, and promote the export of seafood.
    
  • Agriculture: Agriculture supports a significant portion of the population, with key crops including paddy, coconut (a major cash crop, especially in Nicobar), areca nut, various fruits (mango, banana, pineapple), and spices. The government provides support through subsidies and training programs, with an increasing focus on sustainable and organic practices.
    
  • Forestry: Historically a major economic activity, centered around the Chatham Saw Mill, forestry now focuses more on producing sawn wood for domestic consumption, with an emphasis on conservation.
    
  • Small-Scale Industries: A variety of small-scale and cottage industries thrive, producing shell-crafts, wood-based handicrafts, processed food items, coir products, and items like PVC pipes and paints. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation Ltd (ANIIDCO) plays a role in promoting these industries, alongside tourism and fisheries.
    
  • Public Administration and Construction: These sectors are also significant contributors to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of the islands, reflecting government investment and ongoing development activities.  

NITI Aayog’s vision for the “Holistic Development of Identified Islands” includes ambitious projects like a transshipment port, further airport development, new townships, and power plants, aiming to create jobs and attract private sector investment. However, these large-scale development plans raise concerns among experts regarding their potential impact on the fragile ecosystem and indigenous communities, highlighting a critical tension between economic growth aspirations and environmental and social preservation. The challenge lies in finding a sustainable path that balances development with the conservation of the islands’ unique natural and cultural heritage.  

C. Urban Growth and Civic Life

As Port Blair has grown, so has the need for robust public services and urban amenities.

• Public Services Development:
  
  • Education: The education system has expanded considerably from its modest beginnings. From a single primary school in 1881-82, the number of educational institutions had grown to 428 by the time of the data in source , catering to various levels from pre-primary to senior secondary. The establishment of the State Institute of Education (SIE) in 1979 and a District Institute of Education & Training (DIET) aimed to improve teacher training and the quality of education.
    
  • Healthcare: GB Pant Hospital in Port Blair serves as the main referral hospital for the entire Union Territory and has seen plans for upgrades and modernization, including the establishment of super-specialty departments to reduce reliance on mainland facilities. The launch of telemedicine services in 2002, linking GB Pant Hospital with mainland medical colleges, was a significant step in overcoming geographical barriers. The establishment of ISM (Indian Systems of Medicine) & Homeopathy dispensaries and a hospital, along with the Regional Medical Research Center (RMRC) for research on prevalent diseases, further strengthened the healthcare infrastructure. A major milestone was the establishment of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences (ANIIMS) in 2015, the first medical college in the islands, attached to GB Pant Hospital. These developments, while significant, have continually grappled with the challenges of providing equitable healthcare across a remote and dispersed island chain.
    
  • Housing: Urban growth has centered around areas like Aberdeen Bazaar. While older homes are often constructed from timber and tin , newer developments are subject to planning, with some emphasis on including “affordable housing” in green-field projects.
    
• Urban Amenities & Sanitation: The Port Blair Municipal Council (PBMC), which evolved from the Port Blair Municipal Board formed in 1957, is responsible for providing urban amenities. There have been notable improvements in water supply, with efforts to reduce Non-Revenue Water (NRW) and increase per capita supply. Door-to-door waste collection has been expanded, and initiatives for waste segregation and managing plastic waste (a significant challenge exacerbated by tourism) are underway. Port Blair’s selection as one of the cities under the Smart Cities Mission reflects a commitment to leveraging technology and improved urban planning to address the challenges of a growing island city in an ecologically sensitive zone. These efforts are crucial for maintaining the quality of life for residents and the sustainability of the tourism industry.  

D. Cultural Tapestry

Port Blair is often described as a “Mini India,” a sobriquet that aptly captures its vibrant cultural diversity. This rich mosaic is a result of its unique history, blending the ancient traditions of its indigenous tribes with the customs and cultures of settlers who arrived from various parts of mainland India over different periods – including Tamils, Bengalis, Telugus, Malayalis, and communities from regions like Ranchi and even Karens from Burma.  

• Languages: This demographic mix is reflected in the languages spoken. While Hindi and English serve as official and widely understood languages, Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu are also very common. Malayalam and other regional Indian languages add to the linguistic diversity. The indigenous tribes, of course, have their own distinct languages, which are linguistically unique and ancient.
  
• Festivals: The city’s multicultural ethos comes alive during festivals. Major Indian festivals are celebrated with enthusiasm by respective communities, often with inter-community participation, reflecting a spirit of religious harmony. Specific to the islands, the Island Tourism Festival, usually held annually in December-January, is a major event showcasing the traditional arts, music, dance forms, and handicrafts of both indigenous tribes and settler communities. Other notable celebrations include Panguni Utthiram and Thai Pongal (celebrated by the Tamil community), Kali Pooja (predominantly by the Bengali community), the Monsoon Music Festival, a Beach Festival organized by the Tourism Department, and Subhash Mela, commemorating Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s birth anniversary.
  
• Cultural Institutions: Port Blair houses several institutions that preserve and promote its diverse heritage:
  
  • Museums: These are key attractions, offering insights into the islands’ history, culture, and natural environment. The Anthropological Museum provides a comprehensive look at the indigenous tribes – their lifestyles, artifacts, and photographs. The Samudrika Naval Marine Museum, run by the Indian Navy, educates visitors about the islands’ geography, marine life, archaeology, and history. The Forest Museum at Chatham showcases the timber wealth and forest-related activities. Other notable institutions include the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) Museum and the Science Centre. The Cellular Jail National Memorial itself houses a museum detailing the freedom struggle.
    
  • Art Galleries: While dedicated high-profile art galleries might be limited, places like “The Andaman Artist” and “Desi Kalakaar Kala Kendra” cater to local art. The Cellular Jail complex also includes an art gallery.
    
  • Performing Arts: Traditional Nicobari dances and local folk tunes are part of the cultural landscape. Various cultural societies and performing arts groups are active, such as the Naach Academy of Performing Arts, Music Stars Social & Cultural Society, Andaman Sangeet Academy, and Jhankar Dance Group, often participating in festivals like the Island Tourism Festival. The Andaman Cultural Society plays a role in preserving traditional dances like the Nicobarese dance.
    
  • Community Cultural Centers: Institutions like the Bengali Club serve as hubs for community cultural activities.  

This amalgamation of cultures, living side-by-side, creates a unique social environment in Port Blair, which is in itself an attraction for visitors seeking to understand the diverse human tapestry of India. The cultural institutions, particularly the museums, play a crucial role in narrating the complex story of the islands to both tourists and the younger generation of islanders.

E. Sri Vijaya Puram: A Nod to History and Future Aspirations

The recent decision in 2024 to bestow the name “Sri Vijaya Puram” upon Port Blair, to be used alongside its existing name, is a significant symbolic act. Officially, this renaming is linked to India’s pre-colonial maritime history, specifically referencing the Chola dynasty’s naval expeditions in the 11th century under Rajendra Chola I, who is said to have used the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as a naval base for a campaign against the Srivijaya kingdom in Southeast Asia. The name is also intended to symbolize the “victory” achieved in India’s freedom struggle, in which Port Blair’s Cellular Jail played such a poignant role.  

This move is widely interpreted as part of a larger effort to de-emphasize the colonial legacy associated with the name “Blair,” given by the British, and to connect the islands’ identity more strongly with indigenous Indian and nationalist narratives. It aligns with a broader trend in post-colonial India of reclaiming and redefining identities. However, some historical experts offer a more critical perspective, suggesting that while the renaming is politically potent, its direct historical basis concerning a Chola naval base specifically at Port Blair might be tenuous, and that it may reflect contemporary mainland nationalist sentiments more than the specific historical experiences of the islanders themselves.  

Regardless of the nuances of historical interpretation, the renaming occurs at a time when Port Blair’s strategic maritime importance in the Bay of Bengal is being increasingly emphasized. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands command a crucial geo-strategic position, overlooking vital international shipping lanes, including the approaches to the Strait of Malacca, one of the world’s busiest maritime chokepoints. This geographical advantage has been recognized by powers throughout history, from the Cholas (as per the narrative) to the British, the Japanese during WWII, and now modern India, which maintains significant naval and military commands in the islands. The renaming to Sri Vijaya Puram, coupled with substantial investments in infrastructure and military preparedness, can be seen as a declaration of India’s intent to build on this historical legacy and project its influence in the Indian Ocean Region, positioning the islands as pivotal assets for the nation’s future economic and security interests. Thus, the name change is not merely about the past; it is also a statement about present capabilities and future aspirations.  

IX. Exploring Port Blair (Sri Vijaya Puram): A Visitor’s Guide

Port Blair (Sri Vijaya Puram) offers a compelling mix of historical landmarks, cultural experiences, and natural beauty. Many of its key attractions are deeply connected to its colonial past and India’s struggle for independence, providing visitors with an immersive journey through time.

Table 3: Visitor Information for Key Landmarks in Port Blair (Sri Vijaya Puram)

Note: Timings and fees are subject to change. It is advisable to verify before visiting.

The concentration of these historical and cultural sites makes Port Blair a unique destination where visitors can deeply engage with the past, offering an experience that goes beyond typical tropical getaways. This historical focus is a significant draw for many tourists.

X. Port Blair – A Living Chronicle

Port Blair, now also known as Sri Vijaya Puram, stands as a living chronicle, its narrative etched by the passage of millennia and the confluence of diverse human experiences. From its ancient origins as the ancestral home of resilient indigenous tribes, who lived in symbiotic harmony with its lush forests and teeming seas, the city has undergone profound transformations. The arrival of colonial powers marked a turning point, thrusting these remote islands into the currents of global empires and repurposing them as a strategic outpost and, most infamously, as a dreaded penal settlement – the infamous “Kala Pani” – where the echoes of India’s freedom struggle resonate to this day within the imposing walls of the Cellular Jail.

The tumult of World War II brought another wave of foreign occupation, leaving its own scars and stories, before the dawn of Indian independence ushered in a new era. As the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Union Territory, Port Blair embarked on a journey of development, welcoming settlers from across mainland India and gradually building the infrastructure and amenities of a modern city. This process has shaped it into a unique cultural melting pot, a “Mini India” where diverse traditions, languages, and faiths coexist.

Today, Port Blair (Sri Vijaya Puram) is a city at a crossroads, balancing its rich and often somber historical legacy with the aspirations of a developing modern society. It is a city that continues to negotiate its relationship with its natural environment, its indigenous heritage, the indelible marks left by various external powers, and modern India’s developmental and strategic ambitions. Its story is one of remarkable resilience, constant transformation, and an ongoing evolution, making it a compelling destination that offers visitors not just stunning natural beauty but also profound historical reflection and a glimpse into the multifaceted soul of India.

XI. Practical Information for Visitors

• Getting There:
  
  • By Air: Veer Savarkar International Airport (IATA: IXZ) in Port Blair is the primary entry point, well-connected by direct flights from major Indian cities like Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad. International flights, such as from Kuala Lumpur, have also commenced.
    
  • By Sea: Regular passenger ship services are available to Haddo Wharf in Port Blair from Chennai, Kolkata, and Visakhapatnam. The journey by sea is significantly longer (around 3-4 days) than by air.
    
• Getting Around:
  
  • Local Transport: Within Port Blair, auto-rickshaws, taxis, and public buses (operated by the State Transport Service and private operators) are common modes of transport. Rental bikes and scooters are also popular for exploring the city and nearby areas.
    
  • Inter-Island Travel: Ferries are the primary means of travel between Port Blair and other islands like Havelock (Swaraj Dweep) and Neil (Shaheed Dweep). Government-operated ferries and private cruises depart from Phoenix Bay Jetty and Haddo Jetty.  
    
• Google Maps Link for Port Blair (Sri Vijaya Puram): For a detailed map and to explore Port Blair (Sri Vijaya Puram) on Google Maps, please visit https://maps.google.com/ and search for “Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands” or “Sri Vijaya Puram, Andaman and Nicobar Islands”. You can also find interactive tourist maps on various travel planning websites that integrate with Google Maps for directions to attractions, restaurants, and transport hubs.
  
• Key Contact Information:
  
  • Directorate of Tourism, Andaman & Nicobar Administration:
    
    • Phone: 03192-232694 / 232747  
    • Email: [email protected]
      
  • Emergency Helpline Numbers:
    
    • Police: 100
    • Fire: 101
    • Ambulance: 03192 232102 / 102
    • Disaster Management: 1070 / 03192-238881
    • Coast Guard: 1554
      
  • Cellular Jail National Memorial (Visitor Inquiry – may be through tour operators or general tourism lines if direct lines are busy/unavailable):
    
    • A general contact number sometimes listed: +91-9531906010  
    • For Light & Sound Show tickets (Directorate of Tourism): 03192-232694 / 244091
      
    • Anthropological Survey of India, Andaman & Nicobar Regional Centre (for Anthropological Museum related queries):
      
      • Email: [email protected] / [email protected]  
      • Mobile: 9958860948
        
    • Samudrika Naval Marine Museum (General Inquiry – may be through tourism lines if direct lines are busy/unavailable):
      
      • A general contact number sometimes listed: 03192 232012  

It is always advisable to confirm timings, entry fees, and contact details closer to your travel date as they may be subject to change.

Port Blair, the picturesque capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, holds a rich and turbulent history. From its early days under British colonial rule to its present role as a thriving hub for tourism and culture, Port Blair’s journey is deeply intertwined with stories of struggle, resilience, and transformation. In this article, I’ll take you on a historical exploration of Port Blair, shedding light on its past and how it has evolved into a modern-day destination.

1. Early History and Indigenous Tribes

Before the arrival of European colonists, the Andaman Islands were home to indigenous tribes such as the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarwa, and Sentinelese. These tribes lived in harmony with the natural environment for thousands of years, relying on hunting, fishing, and gathering for sustenance. The islands remained largely isolated due to their dense jungles and lack of navigable terrain.

The first known contact with outsiders occurred when Marco Polo reportedly mentioned the islands in his travel accounts in the 13th century, though it wasn’t until the 18th century that European powers started taking a deeper interest in the region.

2. The British Establishment of Port Blair

The British East India Company recognized the strategic importance of the Andaman Islands for controlling trade routes in the Bay of Bengal. In 1789, Archibald Blair, a British naval officer, established the first British settlement on South Andaman Island. The settlement was named Port Cornwallis, after the Governor-General of India, Lord Cornwallis. However, due to harsh conditions, diseases, and conflicts with indigenous tribes, the settlement was abandoned by 1796.

It wasn’t until the mid-19th century that the British returned, this time with a new purpose.

3. The Cellular Jail and Port Blair as a Penal Colony

Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence, the British sought a remote location to imprison Indian political activists and freedom fighters. Port Blair was chosen for its isolation, making escape nearly impossible. In 1858, the Cellular Jail—or “Kala Pani” (Black Water)—was constructed to house prisoners.

The prison became infamous for its brutal conditions. Each cell was solitary and designed to isolate inmates from one another. Many notable freedom fighters, including Veer Savarkar, Batukeshwar Dutt, and Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi, were incarcerated here. The jail became a symbol of India’s struggle for independence, with countless prisoners enduring torture and even death within its walls.

Today, the Cellular Jail is a national memorial and one of Port Blair’s most visited attractions. The light and sound show held in the evenings narrates the stories of the prisoners and the sacrifices they made for India’s freedom.

4. Japanese Occupation During World War II

During World War II, the Andaman Islands were occupied by the Japanese from 1942 to 1945. Under Japanese rule, the islands witnessed further hardships, including forced labor and atrocities committed against the local population.

Interestingly, in 1943, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose visited Port Blair after declaring the Andaman and Nicobar Islands part of his Provisional Government of Free India. He renamed the islands as Shaheed Dweep (Martyr Island) and Swaraj Dweep (Self-Rule Island), emphasizing his vision for an independent India. Today, these names are used for Neil and Havelock Islands.

5. Post-Independence Era and Modern Development

After India gained independence in 1947, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands were officially incorporated into the Republic of India. Port Blair gradually transformed from a penal colony into an administrative and cultural center for the islands.

Infrastructure and Economic Development

• The Indian government invested heavily in infrastructure, developing Veer Savarkar International Airport, roads, schools, and hospitals to support the growing population.
• Tourism became a major industry, driven by the natural beauty of nearby islands such as Havelock (Swaraj Dweep), Neil (Shaheed Dweep), and Ross Island.
• The city became a hub for both domestic and international tourists, offering attractions such as Corbyn’s Cove Beach, Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, and Mount Harriet National Park.

6. Cultural Heritage and Indigenous Preservation

While Port Blair has seen significant development, efforts have been made to preserve the culture and rights of the indigenous tribes. Much of the Andaman Islands’ land is protected, with limited access to certain areas like North Sentinel Island to prevent disturbance to the Sentinelese, one of the world’s last uncontacted tribes.

The Anthropological Museum in Port Blair offers valuable insights into the history, lifestyle, and traditions of the islands’ indigenous communities. Additionally, the Forest Department and Andaman Tribal Council work to protect the islands’ rich biodiversity and cultural heritage.

7. Port Blair Today: A Blend of History and Adventure

Today, Port Blair is a bustling city that serves as both the administrative capital and the main entry point to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The city offers a fascinating blend of history, natural beauty, and modern amenities. Visitors can explore its historic sites, relax on pristine beaches, or indulge in adventure sports like snorkeling, scuba diving, and sea walking.

Key Attractions in Modern-Day Port Blair

• Cellular Jail: A symbol of India’s fight for independence
• Ross Island: Ruins of British colonial structures reclaimed by nature
• North Bay Island: Popular for coral reefs and underwater activities
• Chidiya Tapu: A nature lover’s paradise known for birdwatching and sunsets
• Samudrika Naval Marine Museum: A showcase of the islands’ marine biodiversity

Port Blair has also become a center for marine research and eco-tourism, balancing development with the conservation of its fragile environment.

8. Interesting Facts About Port Blair’s History

• The name “Port Blair” honors Archibald Blair, who led the first British settlement on the island.
• The Cellular Jail originally had 693 solitary cells, each designed to prevent any communication between prisoners.
• Despite its dark history, Port Blair has been transformed into a symbol of resilience and progress, reflecting the strength of its people and the sacrifices of India’s freedom fighters.

9. Travel Tips for History Enthusiasts

• Plan Your Visit: Start your exploration with the Cellular Jail to understand Port Blair’s colonial history.
• Attend the Light and Sound Show: It’s one of the most impactful ways to learn about the stories of the prisoners.
• Visit Ross Island: Explore the remnants of British administrative buildings and churches that have been overtaken by nature.
• Combine Nature and History: Pair historical visits with nature excursions to places like Chidiya Tapu and Mount Harriet.

Port Blair is more than just a gateway to the Andaman Islands; it’s a city with a deeply significant past. From the dark days of the Cellular Jail to the hope of modern development, the city embodies a journey of resilience and transformation. As you walk through its streets, explore its landmarks, and meet its people, you’ll uncover a story that blends history, culture, and natural beauty like few other places can.

Whether you’re a history enthusiast or an adventure seeker, Port Blair promises a memorable and enriching experience. Start planning your trip today to explore the living history of this remarkable city.